Ultrasonic flow sensors are mainly divided into the following types according to their detection methods and signal detection principles:

 

Propagation velocity difference method sensor: This is the most commonly used method. It measures the velocity difference of ultrasonic pulses when they propagate in downstream and countercurrent flow to derive the flow rate of the fluid. Propagation velocity difference method sensors can be further subdivided into direct transit time difference method, transit time difference method, phase difference method, frequency difference method, etc. The basic principles of these methods are to reflect the flow velocity of the fluid by measuring the difference in velocity between the ultrasonic pulse propagating downstream and countercurrent.

Doppler method sensor: The Doppler method uses the acoustic Doppler principle to determine the fluid flow rate by measuring the ultrasonic Doppler frequency shift scattered by scatterers (such as suspended particles, bubbles, etc.) in uneven fluids. This method is suitable for flow measurement of fluids containing suspended particles, bubbles, etc.

Beam offset method sensor: The beam offset method uses the propagation direction of the ultrasonic beam in the fluid to shift as the fluid flow rate changes to reflect the fluid flow rate. However, this method has low sensitivity and limited applicability at low flow rates.


 

Noise method sensor (listening method): The noise method uses the principle that the noise generated when the fluid flows in the pipeline is related to the flow rate of the fluid, and the flow rate or flow value is expressed by detecting the noise. This method has the simplest principle and structure, is easy to measure and carry, is cheap but has low accuracy, and is suitable for use in situations where flow measurement accuracy is not high.

There are two types of ultrasonic flow sensors: wet type and dry type (clamp-on type). The wet type is installed in the pipe and is in contact with the liquid; while the dry type (clamp-on type) is clamped on the outer wall of the pipe section and is not in contact with the liquid. Although the clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeter is not very accurate, it is easy to install and is often used for flow monitoring and process control, especially in situations where there is no opportunity to stop.

 

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